Online Ramsey theory for a triangle on FF-free graphs

Given a class $\mathcal{C}$ of graphs and a fixed graph $H$, the online Ramsey game for $H$ on $\mathcal C$ is a game between two players Builder and Painter as follows: an unbounded set of vertices is given as an initial state, and on each turn Builder introduces a new edge with the constraint that the resulting graph must be in $\mathcal C$, and Painter colors the new edge either red or blue. Builder wins the game if Painter is forced to make a monochromatic copy of $H$ at some point in the game. Otherwise, Painter can avoid creating a monochromatic copy of $H$ forever, and we say Painter wins the game. We initiate the study of characterizing the graphs $F$ such that for a given graph $H$, Painter wins the online Ramsey game for $H$ on $F$-free graphs. We characterize all graphs $F$ such that Painter wins the online Ramsey game for $C_3$ on the class of $F$-free graphs, except when $F$ is one particular graph. We also show that Painter wins the online Ramsey game for $C_3$ on the class of $K_4$-minor-free graphs, extending a result by Grytczuk, Ha{\l}uszczak, and Kierstead.Comment: 20 pages, 10 page

Nonrepetitive Colouring via Entropy Compression

A vertex colouring of a graph is \emph{nonrepetitive} if there is no path whose first half receives the same sequence of colours as the second half. A graph is nonrepetitively $k$-choosable if given lists of at least $k$ colours at each vertex, there is a nonrepetitive colouring such that each vertex is coloured from its own list. It is known that every graph with maximum degree $\Delta$ is $c\Delta^2$-choosable, for some constant $c$. We prove this result with $c=1$ (ignoring lower order terms). We then prove that every subdivision of a graph with sufficiently many division vertices per edge is nonrepetitively 5-choosable. The proofs of both these results are based on the Moser-Tardos entropy-compression method, and a recent extension by Grytczuk, Kozik and Micek for the nonrepetitive choosability of paths. Finally, we prove that every graph with pathwidth $k$ is nonrepetitively $O(k^{2})$-colourable.Comment: v4: Minor changes made following helpful comments by the referee

On-line Ramsey Theory

The Ramsey game we consider in this paper is played on an unbounded set of vertices by two players, called Builder and Painter. In one move Builder introduces a new edge and Painter paints it red or blue. The goal of Builder is to force Painter to create a monochromatic copy of a fixed target graph H, keeping the constructed graph in a prescribed class G. The main problem is to recognize the winner for a given pair H, G. In particular, we prove that Builder has a winning strategy for any k-colorable graph H in the game played on k-colorable graphs. Another class of graphs with this strange self-unavoidability property is the class of forests. We show that the class of outerplanar graphs does not have this property. The question of whether planar graphs are self-unavoidable is left open. We also consider a multicolor version of Ramsey on-line game. To extend our main result for 3-colorable graphs we introduce another Ramsey type game, which seems interesting in its own right.

NONREPETITIVE COLORINGS OF TREES

A coloring of the vertices of a graph G is nonrepetitive if no path in G forms a sequence consisting of two identical blocks. The minimum number of colors needed is the Thue chromatic number, denoted by π(G). A famous theorem of Thue asserts that π(P) = 3 for any path P with at least 4 vertices. In this paper we study the Thue chromatic number of trees. In view of the fact that π(T) is bounded by 4 in this class we aim to describe the 4-chromatic trees. In particular, we study the 4-critical trees which are minimal with respect to this property. Though there are many trees T with π(T) = 4 we show that any of them has a sufficiently large subdivision H such that π(H) = 3. The proof relies on Thue sequences with additional properties involving palindromic words. We also investigate nonrepetitive edge colorings of trees. By a similar argument we prove that any tree has a subdivision which can be edge-colored by at most ∆ + 1 colors without repetitions on paths

Neponavljajoča barvanja dreves

Barvanje vozlišč grafa ▫$G$▫ je neponavljajoče, če nobena pot v ▫$G$▫ ne tvori zaporedja sestavljenega iz dveh identičnih blokov. Najmanjše število barv, ki jih potrebujemo za tako barvanje, je Thuejevo kromatično število, označimo ga s ▫$pi(G)$▫. Slavni Thuejev izrek trdi, da je ▫$pi(P) = 3$▫ za vsako pot ▫$P$▫ z vsaj štirimi vozlišči. V članku študiramo Thuejevo kromatično število na drevesih. Glede na to,da je v tem razredu ▫$pi(T)$▫ omejeno s 4, je naš namen opisati 4-kromatična drevesa. V posebnem obravnavamo 4-kritična drevesa, ki so minimalna glede na to lastnost. Čeprav obstaja mnogo dreves ▫$T$▫ s ▫$pi(T) = 4$▫, pokažemo, da ima vsako od njih primerno veliko subdivizijo ▫$H$▫, tako da je ▫$pi(H)=3$▫. Dokaz se opira na Thuejeva zaporedja z dodatnimi lastnostmi, ki vključujejo palindromske besede. Obravnavamo tudi neponavljajoča barvanja povezav na drevesih. S podobnimi argumenti dokažemo, da ima vsako drevo subdivizijo, ki jo lahko po povezavah pobarvamo z največ ▫$Delta +1$▫ barvami brez ponavljanja na poteh.A coloring of the vertices of a graph ▫$G$▫ is nonrepetitive if no path in ▫$G$▫ forms a sequence consisting of two identical blocks. The minimum number of colors needed is the Thue chromatic number, denoted by ▫$pi(G)$▫. A famous theorem of Thue asserts that ▫$pi(P)=3▫$ for any path ▫$P$▫ with at least four vertices. In this paper we study the Thue chromatic number of trees. In view of the fact that ▫$pi(T)$▫ is bounded by 4 in this class we aim to describe the 4-chromatic trees. In particular, we study the 4-critical trees which are minimal with respect to this property. Though there are many trees ▫$T$▫ with ▫$pi(T)=4$▫ we show that any of them has a sufficiently large subdivision ▫$H$▫ such that ▫$pi(H)=3▫$. The proof relies on Thue sequences with additional properties involving palindromic words. We also investigate nonrepetitive edge colorings of trees. By a similar argument we prove that any tree has a subdivision which can be edge-colored by at most ▫$Delta + 1▫$ colors without repetitions on paths